Light guides and backlight systems incorporating light redirectors at varying densities

ABSTRACT

Light guides and backlight systems are disclosed that include one or more groups of geometric light redirectors whose density and/or orientation across the surface of a light guide varies to improve light emission uniformity and to reduce visual artifacts.

CROSS-REFERENCE APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/973,187, filed on Oct. 5, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/853,409, filed on Oct. 20, 2006; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/930,855, filed on May 18, 2007. The specifications of each of the foregoing are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The displays of many portable devices rely on backlights to provide their illumination. Viewers of these displays desire uniform light emission across the surface of a display with as few visual artifacts as possible. As screens become larger, multiple spatially separated light sources are used to illuminate the backlight. Such illumination schemes increase the challenge of providing artifact free, uniform light emission from a display.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is a need in the art for a backlight providing improved light emission uniformity, with limited visual artifacts, particularly when multiple, spatially separated light sources are employed to illuminate the backlight. According to one aspect, the invention relates to a light guide of display. The light guide includes a front surface, a rear surface, and at least one edge separating the front and rear surfaces. The light guide includes a first light introduction position on an edge of the light guide through which a light source introduces light into the light guide. The light guide also has a second light introduction position, either on the same or on a different edge, through which a second light source introduces light into the light guide. The first light introduction position is spatially separated from the second light introduction position.

The light guide also includes a plurality of geometric light redirectors, also referred to herein as deflectors. The light redirectors may have triangular, trapezoidal, trapezial, cylindrical, rounded, or other defined geometric cross section. In one implementation, at least some of the light redirectors have dimensions that are smaller than 500 microns. The light redirectors are distributed amongst three regions of either the front or rear surfaces of the light guide. A first region includes light redirectors predominantly, if not solely, from a first group of light redirectors. The second region includes light redirectors predominantly, if not solely from a second group of light redirectors. The third region includes light redirectors from both groups.

Light redirectors in the first group substantially face the first light introduction position. That is, a front face of a light redirector in the first group is substantially perpendicular (e.g., within plus or minus 20 degrees of perpendicular) to a line connecting the light redirector, for example from the center of its front face, to the first light introduction position. Light redirectors in the second group similarly substantially face the second light introduction position. The light redirectors in each group may vary in size, shape, and angle relative to the line connecting the light redirector to its corresponding light introduction position. The light redirectors may increase in height with distance from the corresponding light introduction position.

In one embodiment, the light guide also includes a plurality of light sources. At least one light source is associated with each light introduction position. The light source might be white or colored. A single light source may include multiple colored lamps. The lamps may be, for example, light emitting diodes.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a light guide of a display that includes a plurality of geometric light redirectors that face a light introduction position on an edge of the light guide. The density of the plurality of light redirectors, beginning at a first distance along a direction radially extending from the light introduction position, gradually decreases as the distance increases. In addition, the light redirectors may increase in height with in relation to their respective distances from the light introduction position. The density may decrease substantially continuously or in a step wise fashion. In one implementation, the direction in which the density of the light redirectors gradually decreases is at least partially towards a second light introduction position on an edge of the light guide.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a light guide of a display having a front surface, a rear surface, and first, second, and third edges separating the front and rear surfaces. Distributed across one of the front surface and the rear surface are a plurality of first geometric light redirectors, each having a front face substantially perpendicular to a line connecting the front face to a light introduction position on the first edge, and a plurality of second geometric light redirectors, each having a front face oriented at least partially towards the second edge or third edge. The light redirectors may increase in height with in relation to their respective distances from the light introduction position. Reflective surfaces directed towards an interior of the light guide are positioned proximate the second and third edges and.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing discussion will be understood more readily from the following detailed description of the invention with reference to the following drawings:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a second backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2B includes a cross sectional view of a display apparatus according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a third backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a top view of a fourth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a top view of a fifth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A is a top view of a sixth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6B is a density contour map indicating the density of one of two populations of light redirectors in the sixth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a top view of a sixth backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a top view of a seventh backlight system, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

To provide an overall understanding of the invention, certain illustrative embodiments will now be described, including backlights and backlight systems for providing illumination for a display. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the backlights and backlight systems described herein may be adapted and modified as is appropriate for the application being addressed and that the systems and methods described herein may be employed in other suitable applications, and that such other additions and modifications will not depart from the scope hereof.

FIG. 1 illustrates a backlight system 101 that is useful in conjunction with a number of optical illumination devices, including liquid crystal displays or mechanical light modulator displays and/or architectural lighting devices. The backlight system 101 includes a light guide plate 125, made of a transparent material, that accepts light from a plurality of lamps 122, disposed along one edge of the light guide plate. The backlight system 101 is capable of redirecting light vertically, or in a direction normal to the plane of the light guide plate 125 (i.e. along the z-axis) and toward a spatial light modulator and/or a toward a viewer of the optical device. The spatial light modulator (not shown) can include an array of light modulators or pixels for forming an image from the light emanating out of the backlight system 101.

In addition to the lamps 122, the backlight system 101 includes collimator structures 124. Light rays, such as light rays 128, exiting the lamps 122, are reflected from the sides of the collimators 124 and then enter the light guide 125 substantially collimated with respect to the x-axis. The divergence of the ray's exiting the curved reflectors can be controlled within +/−50 degrees and in some cases into a divergence as narrow as +/−20 degrees.

The light guide 125 includes an array of geometric light redirectors, also referred to as deflectors 130, formed on the bottom surface of light guide 125. The deflectors serve to re-direct light out of its trajectory in the x-y plane and into directions more closely aligned with the normal or z-axis of the backlight. In some cases, where the deflectors 130 are coated with a metal film, the deflectors 130 re-direct light by means of reflection from the metal surface. In light guide 125, however, the deflectors are formed from indentations or protuberances in the molded bottom surface of light guide 125. The light reflections occur by means of partial or total internal reflection at the interface between the plastic light guide 125 and the outside air.

The deflectors 130 are 3-dimensional shapes formed from the indentations in or protuberances from the surface of light guide plate 125. The cross section through the narrow dimension of the deflector 130 is a trapezoid, i.e. each deflector has a flat top that is substantially parallel to the surface of light guide plate 125. The cross section of deflector 130 along the longer axis is also a trapezoid.

All of the deflectors 130 are arranged with their long axes parallel to the y-axis. Each deflector has a front face whose normal lies in the x-z plane. The angle of the front face with respect to the x-axis is chosen to maximize the amount of light, as exemplified by rays 128, that can be extracted from the light guide plate and directed substantially along the z-axis or toward the viewer. The deflector 130 has an aspect ratio in length to width greater than 2:1, in some cases greater than 20:1.

The deflectors 130 are arranged with unequal spacing in the light guide 105. The closer spacing (or higher density of deflectors 130) at distances further from the lamps 122 helps to improve the uniformity of the luminous intensity of the light emitted out of the top surface of the light guide. Although FIG. 1 shows the deflectors arranged in rows with more or less regular spacing between deflectors in a row, it is often advantageous to randomize the position or vary the spacings between deflectors 130 in a local area, in order to avoid illumination artifacts in the display. In some embodiments the size and shape of the deflectors 130 is varied as a function of position in the light guide plate 125. In other embodiments a variety of orientation angles is provided for the geometric light redirectors 130. For instance, while on average the deflectors 130 will have the surface normal of their front face lying in the x-z plane, a plurality of deflectors 130 could also be tilted so that their surface normals are directed slightly to the right or to the left of the x-z plane.

While the deflectors 130 in backlight system 101 are formed in the rear surface of light guide 125, other embodiments are possible where the deflectors can be formed in the top surface of the light guide. Alternate shapes for the geometric light redirectors 130 are known in the art including, without limitation, triangular prism structures, hexagonal prism structures, rhombohedral prism structures, curved or domed shapes, including cylindrical structures, as well as triangular prisms that include rounded corners or edges. For each of the these alternate shapes a front face can be identified on the geometric light redirector which possesses a particular orientation with respect to the lamps 122. As opposed to the use of paint dots, which are used in some backlight designs to scatter light into random directions, the front face of a geometric light redirector is designed to scatter light from a lamp into a particular set of directions.

The backlight system 201 of FIG. 2A is another example of a backlight for distributing light from a lamp uniformly throughout a planar light guide and re-directing such light toward a viewer. The backlight system 201 includes a plurality of lamps 202, and a light guide plate 205. The light guide 205 includes an array of deflectors 210. The deflectors 210 are long and curved indentations in or protuberances from the bottom surface of light guide plate 205. In cross section, the deflectors 210 are triangular in shape. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 205 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. The deflectors 210 are arranged along the bottom of light guide plate 205 along a series of concentric circles. Light rays such as light rays 208 and 209 exit the lamp 202 in a radial direction within the x-y plane, generally perpendicular to the orientation of the deflector circles 210. After reflection from deflectors 210 the light rays 208 and 209 are re-directed into angles that are closer to the normal or z-axis, i.e. out of the light guide 205, and towards the viewer. The density of placement of deflectors 210, or the spacing between concentric rings, is also varied as a function of distance from the lamp 202 in order to improve the uniformity of the emitted light.

The backlight system 201 is capable of controlling the divergence of light emitted from the top surface of the backlight system 201 to a cone angle of +/−50 degrees, in some cases as narrow as +/−20 degrees. The control of angles is achieved by substantially matching the arrangement of the deflectors 210 to the radiation pattern of the lamps 202. The long axes of deflectors 210 are oriented perpendicular to the rays (or radial vectors) that emanate from the lamps 202. Expressed another way: the normals to the deflecting surfaces from deflectors 210 are contained within a plane that includes the z axis and the radial vectors from lamps 202. Expressed in still another way, the deflecting surfaces of the deflectors 210 intersect the bottom surface of the light guide 205 at lines referred to herein as the “intersection lines.” The intersection lines are oriented perpendicular to lines that emanate radially from the lamp 202.

FIG. 2B includes a cross sectional view of a display apparatus 251. The display apparatus 251 includes a lamp 252, a lamp reflector 253, a light guide 254, a plurality of geometric light redirectors 255, a light modulator substrate 256, a rear-facing reflective layer 257, a series of shutter assemblies 258 and a series of apertures 259. The light guide 254 includes an upper light guide surface 260 and a lower light guide surface 261. The display apparatus also includes a front-facing reflective layer 262, which is located in a plane substantially parallel to that of the rear-facing reflective layer 257. The display apparatus 251 includes an injector system 263, which consists of lamp 252 and reflector 253. The injector system 263 is designed to control the angular divergence of the light that enters the light guide 254. This can be accomplished by providing a curved shape to the reflector 253 and by placing the lamp 252 near to the focal point or in the caustic region of the curved reflector 253.

The backlight system 351 of FIG. 3 is another example of a backlight for distributing light from a lamp in a substantially uniform fashion throughout a planar light guide and re-directing such light toward a viewer. The backlight system 351 includes lamps 352, a light guide plate 355 and an array of deflectors 360. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 355 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. The deflectors 360 have prismatic shapes similar to deflectors 130, except that the deflectors 360 have a triangular cross section. The segmented or 3-dimensional deflectors 360 are placed along and oriented generally parallel to the circumference of series of circles. The segmented deflectors do not need to be perfectly parallel to the circumferential direction; instead they can have a randomized placement about an average orientation along the circumferential direction. The density of the deflectors 360 varies as a function of distance from the lamps 352. The closer spacing between deflectors 360 at distances further from the lamps 352 helps to ensure the uniformity of the emitted light.

The backlight system 400 of FIG. 4 is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by incorporation of light redirectors arranged in a radial pattern. The backlight system 400 includes two lamps 402 and 403, a light guide plate 405, and a plurality of deflectors 410. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 405 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. The 3-dimensional shape of deflectors 410 is not shown in FIG. 4, but they are understood to possess either a trapezoidal cross section, as in deflectors 130, or a triangular cross section as in deflectors 360, or any of the cross sections for deflectors described within U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, described further below and incorporated herein by reference, including, for example, rounded, cylindrical, trapezoidal, or other regular geometric shapes. The long axis of each deflector 410 need not be straight, as shown in FIG. 4, but can also be curved, for instance to match the circumference of a circle centered on one of the lamps 402 or 403.

In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, a display including an array of light modulators, a light guide, and front-facing and rear-facing reflective surfaces was described. The light guide includes a plurality of geometric light redirection centers to extract light from the backlight.

In one embodiment described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, the light modulators are MEMS-based light modulators, for example, shutters, which selectively interfere with light that passes through corresponding apertures in the rear-facing reflective layer. The array of light modulators defines a display surface. The display plane is preferably substantially planar. The light guide includes a front surface and a rear surface. In one embodiment, between about 50% to about 95% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In one particular embodiment, at least 50% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In another embodiment, at least 60% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In still another embodiment at least 70% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In a further embodiment at least 80% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface. In yet another embodiment, at least 80% of the area of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface.

The geometric light redirectors are also referred to herein as extraction centers, extraction structures, and deflectors. The light redirectors' function is to extract light out of the light guide and toward the viewer. In one embodiment, the light redirectors are prismatic in shape. Alternatively, the light redirectors are round, curved, trapezoidal, elliptical. The surfaces of the light redirectors are preferably smooth. The light redirectors are capable of extracting light wherein a higher-than-random percentage of light is directed towards the reflective aperture layer within a pre-determined range of angles.

In some embodiments, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, the light directors have a front surface facing a lamp and a rear surface facing away from the lamp. The area of the footprint of the front face of a redirector onto the front-facing reflective surface may be greater than the area of a similar footprint of the rear face of the redirector. Alternatively, the areas of the footprints of the front and rear surfaces of the light redirectors are equal. In addition, the packing density of the light redirectors in the light guide may vary as a function of the light redirectors' distance from the lamp.

The rear-facing reflective layer (also referred to as the reflective aperture layer), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, includes a plurality of apertures and is positioned in front of the light guide, i.e., between the light guide and an intended viewer. The rear-facing reflective layer is preferably positioned behind the light modulators. In one embodiment, the rear-facing reflective layer is formed from the deposition of a metal on the front surface of the light guide. The rear-facing reflective layer may also be formed from a dielectric mirror or from a thin film stack that includes both dielectric and metal layers. The rear-facing reflective layer preferably reflects light specularly with a reflectivity in the range of 90 to 98%.

The front-facing reflective layer, in one embodiment (also referred to herein as a back-reflector or back-reflective surface), as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, is substantially parallel to the display surface. That is, it is preferably at an angle of less than about 10 degrees to the display surface. In one embodiment, the front-facing reflective layer is parallel to the display surface. In one implementation, the front-facing reflective layer is a metal deposited on the rear surface of the light guide. The front-facing reflective layer may also be formed from a dielectric mirror or from a thin film stack that includes both dielectric and metal layers. Alternatively, the front-facing reflective layer is separated from the light guide by an air gap. The front-facing reflective layer, in one embodiment reflects light specularly. It preferably has a reflectivity in the range of 90 to 98%.

Such displays concentrate emitted light within a range of angles about an axis normal to the display plane (referred to as the “display normal”). For example, light can be concentrated such that a higher-than-random percentage of light reflected off of the rear-facing reflective surface towards the front-facing reflective layer at angles within a useful range of angles about the display normal is redirected towards the reflective aperture layer at angles also within the range of useful angles about the display normal. The range of useful angles, in various embodiments ranges from about 20 degrees to about 40 degrees from the display normal. For example, in one embodiment, the useful range of angles includes angles within 20 degrees of the display normal. In another embodiment, the useful range of angles includes angles within 30 degrees of the display normal. In still a further embodiment, the useful range of angles includes angles within 40 degrees of the display normal.

In one embodiment, at least 50% of the light reflected off the rear-facing reflective layer at an angle within the useful range of angles exits the light guide at an angle also within the useful range of angles. In another embodiment, at least 70% of the light reflected off the rear-facing reflective layer at an angle within the useful range of angles exits the light guide at an angle also within the useful range of angles. In a further embodiment, at least 90% of the light reflected off the rear-facing reflective layer at an angle within the useful range of angles exits the light guide at an angle also within the useful range of angles.

As described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/528,191, this ability to redirect light received at a useful angle back at a useful angle is referred to herein as conical reflectance. More particularly, conical reflectance is defined as the ability of a backlight or illumination system to receive an incoming cone of light within a pre-determined range of angles (measured with respect to an incident axis) and then re-emit or reflect that light along an equivalent exit axis where the integrated intensity (or radiant power) of the exit light, measured about the exit axis over the same pre-determined range of angles, is greater than a specified fraction of the integrated incident light. The incoming cone of light preferably illuminates an area of the backlight at least 2 mm in diameter and the radiant power is preferably determined by integrating reflected light over a similar or larger area.

Each of the deflectors 410 possess a front face at least partially directed toward one of two positions (referred to as a “light introduction position”) 406 and 407 on the edge 408 of the light guide plate 405 through which one of the lamps 402 or 403 introduces light into light guide plate 405. The normal to the front face of a deflector 410 lies in a plane that contains both the normal to the top surface of the light guide and a line substantially connecting the center of the front face of the deflector to one of the light introduction positions 406 or 407. Similarly, the front faces of the deflectors 410 intersect the bottom surface of the light guide at a line referred to herein as the “intersection line”. Each deflector 410 is oriented such that its intersection line is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting the midpoint of the intersection line to a corresponding light introduction position 406 or 407. The deflectors 410 possess both a long axis and a short axis. The long axis is oriented in a direction substantially parallel to the intersection line. In other words, similar to backlight system 351, the deflectors are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of the lamps 402 and 403.

Two groups or distinct populations of deflectors 410, A and B, can be identified within the backlight system 400. One population of deflectors, A—on the left side of backlight 400, is oriented so that their front faces are at least partially directed toward the lamp 402 and the corresponding light introduction position 406 on the edge 408 of the light guide plate 405. The other population of deflectors, B—on the right side of backlight 400, is oriented so that their front faces are at least partially directed toward the lamp 403 and the corresponding light introduction position 407 on the edge 408 of the light guide plate 405.

Both populations of deflectors, A and B, include deflectors 410 with differences in size, shape, orientation, and/or spacing. In some cases the variations within a population are systematic by design. For instance in some embodiments the deflectors 410 are intentionally made taller or wider as the distance increases between the deflectors 410 and the lamp 402 or 403 toward which they are directed. In other embodiments the density of deflectors 410 is increased (i.e., the spacing between deflectors is decreased) as the distance increases between the deflectors 410 and the lamp 402 or 403 toward which they are directed.

In other cases an irregular or random variation in deflector 410 shape or orientation is provided within each of the deflector 410 populations A and B. For instance the faces of the deflectors 410 in population A may be distributed within a range of angles, with respect to lamp 402 and light introduction position 406 where only a median face angle is directed substantially toward the lamp 402 and light introduction position 406. The deflectors 410 within population A have a distribution of face angles that are somewhat greater than or less than the median angle, for instance within a range that is plus or minus 10 degrees or plus or minus 20 degrees. The positions of the deflectors 410 can also be randomized, within the constraints of a given local average deflector 410 density, so as to avoid any fixed or repetitive patterns which might detract from the image quality of the display.

The backlight system 500 of FIG. 5 is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by incorporation of light redirectors arranged in radial patterns. The backlight system 500 includes two lamps 502 and 503, a light guide plate 505, and a plurality of deflectors 510. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 505 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. The deflectors 510 may have trapezoidal cross sections, triangular cross sections, or any of the deflector cross sections described above.

Each of the deflectors 510 possess a front face substantially directed toward one of two positions (referred to as a “light introduction position”) 506 and 507 on the edge 508 of the light guide plate 505 through which one of the lamps 502 or 503 introduces light into light guide plate 505. The normal to the front face of a deflector 510 lies in a plane that contains both the normal to the top surface of the light guide plate 505 and a line substantially connecting the center of the front face of the deflector to one of the lamps 502 or 503 or its corresponding light introduction position 506 or 507 on the edge of the light guide plate 505. The deflectors 510 possess both a long axis and a short axis. The deflectors are arranged such that the long axis is substantially perpendicular to a ray of light emanating from one of either lamp 502 or 503, entering the light guide plate at one of the light introduction positions 506 or 507, and impinging on the reflector at about the midpoint of its long axis. Similar to backlight system 351, the deflectors are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of the lamps 502 and 503.

Two groups or distinct populations of deflectors 510, A and B, can be identified within the backlight system 500. One population, A, of deflectors is oriented so that their front faces are directed substantially toward the lamp 502 and the corresponding light introduction position 506 on the edge of the light guide plate 505. For example, the deflector shown at the terminus of light ray 511 belongs to population A. The other population of deflectors 510, B, is oriented so that their front faces are directed substantially toward the lamp 503 and the corresponding light introduction position 507. For example, the deflector shown at the terminus of light ray 512 belongs to population B. By contrast to backlight 400, however, the deflector populations A and B in backlight 500 are not strictly grouped or segregated by location into one of either the left side or right side of the backlight. Instead the populations A and B are intermixed. Most but not all of the deflectors 510 in population A are located on the side of the backlight nearest to the light introduction position 506. Most, but not all of population B are located on the side of the backlight nearest to the light introduction position 507. In the central region of the backlight referred to as a mingling region, deflectors can be found oriented toward either of the lamps 502 or 503 and their corresponding light introduction positions 506 and 507. That is, the mingling region includes deflectors 510 from each of the populations A and B.

The populations of deflectors 510, A and B, can include deflectors 510 having differences in size, shape, orientation, or spacing. As described above, some of these variations can be systematic, as when the size of a deflector 510 varies as a function of its position relative to an associated lamp or light introduction position. Alternatively, the variations can be irregular, as when the face angles or the density of deflectors 510 in a population is allowed to be distributed about some mean value.

The backlight system 600 of FIG. 6A is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by means of radial deflector patterns. The backlight system 600 includes two lamps 602 and 603, a light guide plate 605, and a plurality of deflectors 610 and 611. For purposes of illustration, the shapes of the deflectors are not shown in FIG. 6A. Instead, the positions of the deflectors 610 are indicated by triangles, and the position of deflectors 611 are indicated by squares. FIG. 6A thus illustrates the relative position and density of each group of deflectors 610 and 611 across the surface of the light guide plate 605. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 605 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface.

The deflectors 610 can have trapezoidal cross sections, triangular cross sections, or any of the deflector cross sections described above. As in backlight system 400 and 500, each of the deflectors 610 and 611 possess a front face at least partially directed toward one of the lamps 602 or 603 or to a corresponding position 606 or 607 (referred to a light introduction position) on an edge 608 of the light guide plate 605. The normal to the front face of a deflector 610 or 611 lies in a plane that contains both the normal to the top surface of the light guide and a line substantially connecting the deflector to one of the lamps 602 or 603 or their corresponding light introduction positions 606 or 607 on the edge 608 of the light guide plate 605. Similarly, the front faces of the deflectors 610 and 611 intersect the bottom surface of the light guide at a line referred to herein as the “intersection line”. Each deflector 610 and 611 is oriented such that its intersection line is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting the midpoint of the intersection line to a corresponding light introduction position 406 or 407.

The deflectors 610 and 611 possess both a long axis and a short axis. The deflectors 610 and 611 are arranged such that their long axis is substantially perpendicular to a ray of light emanating from one of either lamp 602 or 603, entering the light guide plate 605 at a corresponding light introduction position 606 or 607, and impinging on the deflector 610 at about the center of its front face. Similar to backlight system 300, the long axis of deflectors 610 and 611 are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of the lamps 602 and 603.

Two groups or distinct populations of deflectors, A and B, exist within the backlight system 600. The two groups are distinguished by the square and triangle symbols. One population, A, made up of deflectors 610, is oriented so that their front faces are directed substantially toward the lamp 602 or to its corresponding light introduction position 606 on the edge 608 of the light guide plate 605. The other population of deflectors, B, made up of deflectors 611, shown by the square symbols, is oriented so that their front faces are substantially directed toward the lamp 603 or its corresponding light introduction position 607 on the edge 608 of the light guide plate 605. The populations A and B are intermixed.

To illustrate the distribution of deflectors in backlight 600, the backlight has been divided into 80 sections, labeled by rows (R1, R2, etc.) and columns (C1, C2, etc.). The deflectors 610 and 611 in the section labeled R1,C3 are situated in proximity to lamp 602. For the most part only deflectors 610 from population A exist within section R1,C3, and their density is relatively low.

The section labeled R4,C1 is similarly populated primarily by deflectors 610 from population A, but the density of deflectors 610 in section R4,C1 is substantially higher than those found in section R1,C3.

The total density of deflectors 610 and 611 in section R4,C6 is similar to that found in section R4,C2; however, the section R4,C2 is populated by deflectors from each of the populations A and B. Approximately equal numbers of deflectors from each of the populations 610 and 611 can be found within the section R4,C2.

The total density of deflectors in section R4,C9 is similar to that in section R4,C10. In this case the section is populated primarily by deflectors 611 of population B, associated with lamp 603.

Each of the sections along row R8 has a total density of deflectors that is higher than the total density of deflectors in row R4. However each of the sections along row R8 includes a mingling of deflectors 610 and 611 from each of the populations A and B. In section R8,C1 a greater fraction of the deflectors is assigned to deflectors 610 of population A. In section R8,C10 a greater fraction is assigned to deflectors 611 or population B. And in section R8,C6 the deflectors are about equally divided between the populations A and B.

FIG. 6B presents a density contour map 650, which illustrates the spatial distribution throughout light guide plate 605 of deflectors 610, i.e., deflectors from population A, of the backlight 600. The values associated with each contour are proportional to the number of population A deflectors per square millimeter within the contour. For instance, in one embodiment, the contour marked 10 corresponds to a density of 100 deflectors from population A per square millimeter while the contour marked 100 corresponds to density of 1000 deflectors per square millimeter. As shown in the density map 650, the highest density of deflectors 610 is found in the upper left hand corner, while the lowest density of deflectors 610 is found both immediately in front of the lamp 602 and in the lower right hand corner. For the most part, as one follows directional lines that emanate radially from the lamp 602 or its corresponding light introduction position 606, the density of deflectors 610 increases as the distance from the lamp 602 or light introduction position 606 increases. However for radial lines that pass into the right hand portion of the light guide plate 605 where the light intensity becomes dominated by light radiated from lamp 603, the density of deflectors in population A reaches a maximum value and then gradually or continuously decreases with distance from the lamp 602.

The density contour map 650 illustrates only the distribution of deflectors from population A of the backlight 600. A similar set of density contours exists, but is not shown, for the deflectors from population B. The density of deflectors from population B is highest near the upper right hand corner of the light guide plate 605.

In another embodiment the variation in density may not be proportionally as large as the variation from 10 to 100 as shown in FIG. 6B. Instead the deflector size may change continuously along with the density as a function of position within light guide. For instance the deflectors might be only 20 microns long in the region closest to the lamps 602 and 603 while at distances far away from the lamps the deflectors might be as long as 200 microns.

The backlight systems 400, 500, and 600 are examples of backlights that comprise 2 lamps spaced apart from one another. It will be understood that each of the lamps 402, 502, or 602 can in fact represent a plurality of lamps in a single package that occupy substantially the same position within the backlight. For instance a combination of red, green, and blue semiconducting light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be combined with or substituted for a white LED in a small chip, or assembled into a small multi-chip package. Similarly a lamp can represent an assembly of 4 or more color LEDs, for instance a combination of red, yellow, green, and blue LEDs. Other lamps that are useful for this invention include incandescent lamps, lasers, or field emission light sources.

In addition, in alternative embodiments backlight systems designed according to the principles described herein can include 3, 4, 5 or more lamps all spaced apart from one another. In some embodiments these lamps will be disposed along a single side of the light guide plate, In other embodiments these lamps will be disposed along two opposing sides of the light guide plate. Consistent with the descriptions of backlights 400 and 500, it will be advantageous to produce light guide plates that include multiple distinct populations of deflectors, often as many deflector populations as there are lamps. The deflectors within each population will have a front face which is substantially directed toward its associated lamp. Distinct deflector populations can be intermingled in specific regions of the light guide plate. For instance, in a backlight comprising four lamps, all spaced apart from one another, it is possible to find a region of the light guide plate where representatives of all four distinct populations coexist.

FIG. 7 is an illustrative embodiment of a a back light system 700 including a light guide plate 705 and eight lamps 704 a-704 h (generally “lamps 704”). Lamps 704 a-704 d are positioned adjacent a first edge or side of the light guide plate 705 proximate to respective light introduction positions on the first edge. Lamps 704 e-704 h are positioned adjacent a second, opposing edge or side of the light guide plate 705 proximate to their own corresponding light introduction positions on the second edge. In alternative implementations, lamps may also be positioned adjacent the other two edges of the light guide plate 705, as well. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 705 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface.

The light guide plate 705 includes groups or populations of light redirectors or deflectors (not shown), such as those described above, that correspond to each lamp 704. A deflector is considered to correspond to a particular lamp 704 if its front face is oriented substantially perpendicular, e.g., with plus or minus 20 degrees of perpendicular, to a line connecting the center of the front face of the deflector to a particular lamp 704 or its corresponding light introduction position on the edge of the light guide plate 705.

The various groups of deflectors are arranged on either the front or rear surface of the light guide plate 705 differently in different regions of the light guide plate 705. Some regions, referred to as single deflector regions 706 a-706 h, include only from one group or population. Single deflector regions 706 a, for example, includes only deflectors directed towards lamp 704 a. Single deflector regions 706 b includes only deflectors directed towards lamp 704 b.

Other regions, referred to as dual deflector mingling zones 708 a-708 k, include deflectors from two of the groups or populations. For example, dual deflector mingling zone 708 a includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 a and 704 b. Dual deflector mingling zone 708 g includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 and 704 e. Dual deflector mingling zone 708 h includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 b and 704 f.

Quad deflector mingling regions 710 a-710 c include deflectors from four groups or populations. For example, Quad deflector mingling regions 710 a includes deflectors directed towards lamps 704 a, 704 b, 704 e, and 704 f.

As with the deflectors described in relation to FIG. 6, the density of each group of deflectors varies to improve the uniformity of light emitted from the light guide plate 705. For example, in one implementation, the density of a particular group of deflectors in a particular region increases in relation to distance form a lamp or light introduction position. Then, upon entering a new region, the density of deflectors in that group decreases while the density of another group of deflectors increases. Preferably, the changes in density are gradual, that is either continually changing or changing in a step-wise fashion.

The backlight system 800 of FIG. 8 is another example of a backlight in which 3-dimensional control of emitted light is established by incorporation of light redirectors arranged in radial patterns. The backlight system 800 includes two lamps 802 and 803, a light guide plate 805, and two types of deflectors 809 and 810. Optionally, the bottom surface of the light guide plate 805 is coated with or positioned proximate to a reflective metal surface. The deflectors 809 and 810 may have trapezoidal cross sections, triangular cross sections, or any of the deflector cross sections described above.

Each of the deflectors 810 possess a front face substantially directed toward one of two positions (referred to as a “light introduction position”) 806 and 807 on the edge 808 of the light guide plate 805 and through which one of the lamps 802 or 803 introduces light into light guide plate 805. Similar to backlight system 381, the deflectors 810 are generally arranged along the circumference of circles which are centered on one or the other of the lamps 802 and 803.

The backlight 800 also comprises two edges 814 and 816 which are distinct from the edge 808. Each of these edges is associated with a reflective surface that is capable of redirecting light back into the light guide 805, which might otherwise escape from the light guide. In one case, this reflection is accomplished by means of total internal reflection from the surfaces 814 and 816. In an alternate embodiment, a reflective thin film or reflective tape is adhered to the edges 814 and 816. In an alternate embodiment, reflection of light at the edges can be accomplished by a white paint material which is applied along the edges 814 and 816. In another embodiment, the backlight 800 is accompanied by a metal enclosure with reflective surfaces, such that light escaping from the surfaces 814 and 816 can be returned to the light guide. In another embodiment, the light guide is held in place by a spacer or retaining structure (not shown). The spacer or retaining structure can include either white or reflective materials such that light escaping from the surfaces 814 and 816 can be returned to the light guide.

In contrast to the deflectors 810, each of the deflectors 809 is directed toward an edge 814 or 816 of the light guide plate 805. In particular, each of the deflectors is oriented such that they intercept light from one of the lamps 802 or 803 after it has been reflected from one of the side edges 814 or 816 of light guide plate 805. An exemplary reflected ray is shown as ray 811.

The two populations of deflectors 809 and 810 can include deflectors having differences in size, shape, orientation, or spacing. As described above, some of these variations can be systematic, as when the size of a deflector 809 or 810 varies as a function of its position relative to an associated lamp or light introduction position. Alternatively, the variations can be irregular, as when the face angles or the density of deflectors 809 or 810 in a population is allowed to be distributed about some mean value.

In an alternate embodiment, the deflectors 810 are not oriented radially with respect to the light introduction positions 806 and 807. Instead the backlight can include a larger number of lamps positioned along the edge 808, similar to the arrangement shown for backlight system 101. As with deflectors 130 in backlight 101, the deflectors 810 can be arranged along lines that are parallel to the edge 808 of light guide 805. In some embodiments, a single linear light source, such as a fluorescent lamp, can be positioned along the edge 808, and the deflectors 810 would then be oriented so that their faces are substantially perpendicular to the edge 808. In each of these embodiments, however, it is advantageous to include a second type of deflector, such as deflectors 809, which are not oriented toward the light introduction edge 808 of the light guide, but rather toward one of the other edges of the light guide so as to intercept reflections from those other edges.

In various implementations of the embodiments depicted and described above, in addition to the features already described, the height of the light redirectors may increase in relation to the distance from a corresponding light introduction position or lamp.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The forgoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative, rather than limiting of the invention. 

1. A display, comprising: an array of light modulators defining a display surface; and a light guide having a front surface, a rear surface, and at least one edge separating the front and rear surfaces; a first light introduction position on one of the at least one edge; and a plurality of geometric light redirectors formed therein on one of the front surface and the rear surface of the light guide, wherein a front face of each geometric light redirector intersects with the one of the front surface and the rear surface along an intersection line; a rear-facing reflective layer positioned between the display surface and the front surface of the light guide, configured to reflect light towards the light guide; and a front-facing reflective layer positioned proximate the rear surface of the light guide; wherein the front facing reflective layer and the geometric light redirectors are configured to redirect at least 50% of the light reflected from the rear-facing reflective layer within 40 degrees of an axis perpendicular to the display surface, back towards the display surface through the front surface of the light guide within 40 degrees of the axis, and the plurality of geometric light redirectors are arranged such that for each geometric light redirector in a first group of geometric light redirectors, the intersection line of the geometric light redirector is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the first light introduction position.
 2. The display of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light redirectors have a triangular cross section.
 3. The display of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light redirectors have a trapezoidal cross section.
 4. The display of claim 1, wherein the intersection line of at least one light redirector is curved.
 5. The display of claim 1, wherein the geometric light redirectors in the first group have varying shapes.
 6. The display of claim 1, wherein the geometric light redirectors in the first group have varying dimensions.
 7. The display of claim 1, comprising a rear-facing reflective layer, positioned proximate to the display surface, wherein the rear-facing reflective surface has a plurality of apertures formed therein, wherein at least 50% of light reflecting off of the rear-facing reflective layer within 40 degrees of an axis perpendicular to the display surface is redirected back towards the rear-facing reflective layer within 40 degrees of the axis.
 8. The display of claim 1, wherein the intersection lines of a portion of the geometric light redirectors have an orientation with angles ranging within 20 degrees of the line connecting the midpoint of the intersection line with the first light introduction position.
 9. The display of claim 8, wherein the array of light modulators comprises a plurality of MEMs-based light modulators for selectively allowing light passing through the plurality of apertures in the rear-facing reflective layer to contribute to the formation of an image.
 10. The display of claim 1, comprising a first light source positioned adjacent the first light introduction position.
 11. The display of claim 1, comprising multi-colored light emitting diode modules positioned adjacent the first light introduction position.
 12. The display of claim 1, comprising a second light introduction position on at least one edge spaced away from the first light introduction position.
 13. The display of claim 12, comprising a second group of geometric light redirectors wherein the intersection line of each geometric light redirector of the second group of light redirectors is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting a midpoint of the intersection line with the second light introduction position.
 14. The display of claim 13, comprising regions of the light guide wherein each of the geometric light redirectors are either of the first group or the second group.
 15. The display of claim 1, wherein the density of the geometric light redirectors, beginning at a first distance from the first light introduction position, along at least one direction extending radially from the first light introduction position, decreases in a gradual fashion.
 16. The display of claim 1, comprising a second light introduction position on a second edge of an at least one edge spaced away from the first light introduction position on a first edge of the at least one edge; and a third group of geometric light redirectors, wherein the intersection line of each geometric light redirector in the third group of geometric light redirectors is substantially perpendicular to a line connecting the midpoint of the intersection line with the second light introduction position.
 17. The display of claim 1, wherein at least 50% of light reflecting off of the rear-facing reflective layer within 30 degrees of an axis perpendicular to the display surface is redirected back towards the rear-facing reflective layer within 30 degrees of the axis.
 18. The display of claim 1, wherein at least 70% of light reflecting off of the rear-facing reflective layer within 40 degrees of an axis perpendicular to the display surface is redirected back towards the rear-facing reflective layer within 40 degrees of the axis.
 19. The display of claim 1, wherein at least 50% of the rear surface of the light guide is substantially parallel to the display surface.
 20. The display of claim 1, wherein the plurality of geometric light redirectors comprise prismatic light redirectors.
 21. The display of claim 1, wherein the height of the geometric light redirectors in the first group increases with the distance form the first light introduction position.
 22. The display of claim 1, wherein the rear-facing and front-facing reflective layers comprise specular reflective layers.
 23. The display of claim 1, comprising a side-facing reflective layer positioned proximate to a side of the light guide. 